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''Takvim-i Vekayi'' ((英語:Calendar of Facts)) was the first fully Turkish language newspaper. It was launched in 1831 by Sultan Mahmud II, and was the Official Gazette of the Ottoman Empire. With the beginning of the Tanzimat reform period, ''Takvim-i Vekayi'' produced Armenian, Greek and Arabic language editions.〔Ali Budak (2012), "The French Revolution’s Gift to the Ottomans: The Newspaper - The Emergence of Turkish Media", ''International Journal of Humanities and Social Science'' Vol. 2 No. 19 (Issue – October 2012 )〕 It ceased publication in 1878, resuming in 1891-2, before being closed again. It resumed in 1908 until around 1922.〔FORSNeT (1999), osmanli700.gen.tr, (The First TURKISH NEWSPAPER (''Takvim-i Vekayi'') )〕 In the 1831-1878 period it published a total of 2119 issues - an average of slightly less than one a week.〔Kemal Salih Sel (1964), "Press Advertising in Turkey", ''International Communication Gazette'' August 1964 10: 250-258, doi:10.1177/001654926401000304〕 ==Early Years of Publication== The ''Takvim-i Vekayi'' was first published under Mahmud II. The first publication was in the year 1831. Mahmud II’s reign was at the beginning of the Tanzimat period of reform in the Ottoman Empire. Many of the reforms of this time period were heavily influenced by relations with Europe and new European ideas being taught in schools in the Ottoman Empire. Before Mahmud II, Selim III was one of the first Sultans to establish relations with European powers. Between the years 1793-1796 he established the first embassies in London, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris. In 1807 he was overthrown by the ulama and Janissaries who did not like the French influence he was allowing. Mustafa IV followed after him. Next Mahmud II came to power and immediately laid a foundation of power by giving positions in the ''ulema'', scribal service, and army to supporters of his beliefs. He wanted a centralized government with more control for the ''ayans'' rather than the ''ulama''. He reorganized the military and abolished the janissaries during The Auspicious Event. To strengthen a centralized hold on the provinces he created a postal system, more infrastructure like roads, and the ''Takvim-i Vekayi''. The Ottoman Empire had a French newspaper since 1796 and one from Izmir since 1824 but they were only read by foreigners in the empire. The ''Takvim-i Vekayi'' was the first official Ottoman Empire news. At the start of its publication a French version was printed too. Esad Erbili was the first editor. The newspaper was mainly circulated near the capital and read by the elite but it was still very beneficial for government use. The statesmen at the beginning of the Tanzimat reform era needed a way to centralize the empire and in a completely different way than former leaders had done. Many historians think the economic reforms of this period were a failure but the communication reforms were a success. To centralize they needed to consolidate the government’s forms and records. They limited redundant forms and by publishing the ''Takvim-i Vekayi'' were able to publicize government activity and notices in one place. Other forms of new media such as year books and volumes of legal texts were published to help centralize the government. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Takvim-i Vekayi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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